Globally, women tend to outlive men, a trend observed not only in humans but also across various mammalian species. This disparity in life expectancy arises from a combination of behavioural, biological, and genetic factors.
Behavioural Factors
- Health-Seeking Behaviour: Women generally adopt healthier lifestyles, including balanced diets and regular medical check-ups. They are more proactive in seeking healthcare, which contributes to early detection and treatment of potential health issues.
- Substance Use: Men are more likely to engage in behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption and smoking, leading to higher incidences of related diseases.
- Risk-Taking Behaviour: Men often exhibit higher levels of risk-taking, resulting in increased exposure to accidents and injuries.
Biological and Genetic Factors
- Sex Chromosomes: Women possess two X chromosomes, providing a genetic advantage. If a gene on one X chromosome is defective, the corresponding gene on the other X chromosome can often compensate. Men, with one X and one Y chromosome, lack this redundancy, making them more susceptible to X-linked genetic disorders.
- Immune Function: Certain genes on the X chromosome are involved in immune responses. The presence of two X chromosomes in women may enhance immune function, offering better protection against infections and diseases.
- Hormonal Influences: Testosterone, predominant in men, has been associated with behaviours that increase health risks, such as aggression and competitiveness. Additionally, testosterone may contribute to higher rates of cardiovascular diseases in men.
Psychosocial Factors
- Social Connections: Women often maintain stronger social networks, providing emotional support that contributes to better mental health and resilience against stress-related illnesses.
- Help-Seeking Attitudes: Women are generally more inclined to seek help for physical and mental health issues, leading to timely interventions and better health outcomes.
In summary, the longevity gap between women and men is multifaceted, involving an interplay of behavioural choices, genetic makeup, biological processes, and social dynamics. Understanding these factors is crucial in addressing health disparities and promoting longevity for all.